Key differences between Drupal 9 and Drupal 10

 Drupal 10 builds upon the Drupal 9 but introduces several key changes and improvements. Below are the main differences:

1. Symfony Upgrade

• Drupal 9: Based on Symfony 4, which is now end-of-life.
• Drupal 10: Upgraded to Symfony 6, providing better performance, security, and support for modern PHP development practices.

2. CKEditor Upgrade

• Drupal 9: CKEditor 4 was the default WYSIWYG editor.
• Drupal 10: CKEditor 5 is now the default editor, offering a more modern user experience with enhanced collaboration features, better media handling, and more intuitive controls.

3. Theme Changes

• Drupal 9: Used the Bartik theme as the default front-end theme and Seven as the default admin theme.
• Drupal 10: Introduces a new default front-end theme called Olivero, which is modern, accessible, and mobile-first. The admin theme Claro replaces Seven, offering a cleaner and more accessible experience.

4. Removal of Deprecated Code

• Drupal 9: Included deprecated code from earlier versions, which was required for backward compatibility.
• Drupal 10: Deprecated code has been removed, making the core codebase more streamlined and improving performance. This also means that modules and themes must be compatible with the latest APIs.

5. jQuery and Front-End Dependencies

• Drupal 9: Relied heavily on jQuery and older JavaScript libraries.
• Drupal 10: Reduces reliance on jQuery, adopting modern JavaScript standards to improve performance and minimize dependencies.

6. New Starterkit Theme Generator

• Drupal 9: No native tool for theme generation.
• Drupal 10: Introduces the Starterkit theme generator, allowing developers to create custom themes more easily by providing a starting point that can be modified.

7. JavaScript Modernization

• Drupal 9: Legacy JavaScript approaches (e.g., jQuery-based).
• Drupal 10: Emphasizes modern JavaScript (ES6+), reducing the footprint of legacy scripts and focusing on modern browser APIs for faster performance and easier maintainability.

8. Database and Performance Improvements

• Drupal 10 brings improvements in database handling and overall performance optimization compared to Drupal 9. This includes enhancements in caching, query performance, and rendering speed.

9. Automatic Updates (Experimental in Drupal 9)

• Drupal 9: Automatic updates were experimental but not fully developed.
• Drupal 10: Continuation of efforts to fully implement automatic updates, making it easier to maintain site security by keeping the core and contributed modules up-to-date without manual intervention.

10. PHP Compatibility

• Drupal 9: Supports PHP 7.4 and later.
• Drupal 10: Requires PHP 8.1 or later, leveraging the new features of modern PHP versions for better security and performance.

11. Modules and Deprecated Features

• Drupal 9: Includes several modules that were marked as deprecated (e.g., Quick Edit, Aggregator).
• Drupal 10: Removes deprecated modules and features to maintain a cleaner core, encouraging the use of external libraries or more modern alternatives.

Drupal 10 Interview Question List

 

General Drupal Knowledge

1. What are the key differences between Drupal 9 and Drupal 10?
2. What are some of the major improvements in Drupal 10’s performance compared to earlier versions?
3. How do you approach a Drupal site migration from an earlier version to Drupal 10?
4. Explain the significance of the Symfony framework in Drupal 10.
5. What is the purpose of the Configuration Management System (CMI) in Drupal? How do you use it in your projects?

Custom Module Development

6. How do you create a custom module in Drupal 10?
7. What’s the best practice for working with Drupal hooks in custom modules? Can you give examples of hooks you commonly use?
8. Explain how services and dependency injection work in Drupal 10 custom module development.
9. How do you create and define custom routes in Drupal 10?
10. What are plugins in Drupal, and how would you create a custom plugin?
11. How do you work with the Drupal 10 Entity API to create or alter content entities?

Theming & Frontend

12. What is the role of Twig in Drupal theming, and how has Twig improved over previous templating engines?
13. How do you override a template file in Drupal 10, and what steps do you follow to debug theming issues?
14. What is the purpose of libraries in Drupal theming, and how do you use them to include CSS and JavaScript files?
15. Can you explain what a Twig extension is and how to create one for a custom project?
16. What’s your approach to implementing responsive design in Drupal 10?

Configuration Management & Deployment

17. How does the Drupal 10 Configuration Management system differ from earlier versions?
18. How do you manage configuration synchronization between different environments (local, dev, production)?
19. What tools do you use for continuous integration and automated deployment in a Drupal project?
20. Can you explain how Drupal's Update API works, and how do you handle database updates?

Caching & Performance

21. What caching mechanisms are available in Drupal 10? How do you optimize a Drupal site’s performance?
22. How would you diagnose and fix slow database queries in a Drupal environment?
23. Explain Drupal’s render cache system and how you manage cache invalidation.
24. How do you use Varnish or Redis to enhance performance in a Drupal project?

Security Best Practices

25. What steps do you take to secure a Drupal 10 site?
26. How do you handle user roles, permissions, and access control in Drupal?
27. Can you explain how you would prevent CSRF, XSS, and SQL Injection attacks in Drupal?
28. How do you keep your Drupal site up to date with security patches?

Webforms & APIs

29. How do you create and manage custom webforms in Drupal 10?
30. Explain how you would integrate third-party APIs with Drupal 10 using REST, JSON
    , or GraphQL.
31. How do you use Drupal's Queue API to handle deferred or asynchronous tasks?

Multilingual & Localization

32. What’s the process for configuring a multilingual Drupal 10 website?
33. How do you manage translations for content entities, config entities, and strings in Drupal 10?

Composer & Dependency Management

34. What role does Composer play in Drupal 10 project management?
35. How do you handle module updates and core updates using Composer in a project?

Testing & Debugging

36. What testing frameworks are integrated with Drupal 10? How do you perform automated testing?
37. Can you walk through how you debug issues in Drupal (e.g., using Xdebug, Drupal’s watchdog log, etc.)?
38. What is PHPUnit, and how do you write unit tests for Drupal 10 custom modules?

Decoupled Drupal

39. What is Decoupled Drupal? Have you worked on a decoupled or headless Drupal project? If so, what technologies did you use?
40. How do you use JSON
    or GraphQL to expose Drupal data to an external frontend?

Leadership & Architecture

41. How do you approach large-scale Drupal projects and ensure high code quality?
42. What’s your process for performing a site audit and identifying bottlenecks or areas for improvement?
43. Have you led a team in a Drupal development project? How do you manage code reviews, team coordination, and project milestones?

Drupal Ecosystem

44. What contributed modules do you commonly use and why?
45. How do you contribute to the Drupal community (e.g., patches, custom modules, etc.)?
46. How do you manage custom code while still leveraging Drupal's contributed modules ecosystem?

How to connect multiple database to Drupal

 Multiple databases can be connected to Drupal using the Database API and configuring settings.php file.

     Use the Database API to connect to additional databases

     Add the database connection details to settings.php file

     Use the db_set_active() function to switch between databases

     Use the db_query() function to execute queries on the selected database

#Drupal 8

#Adding additional databases to your configuration

Preferably you would add your configuration to the settings.php file for your site so that all modules can interact with the new database.

In your settings.php:

$databases['default']['default'] = array (
  'database' => 'drupal8_default',
  'username' => 'root',
  'password' => 'root',
  'prefix' => '',
  'host' => 'localhost',
  'port' => '3306',
  'namespace' => 'Drupal\\Core\\Database\\Driver\\mysql',
  'driver' => 'mysql',
);

$databases['second']['default'] = array (
  'database' => 'drupal8_second',
  'username' => 'root',
  'password' => 'root',
  'prefix' => '',
  'host' => 'localhost',
  'port' => '3306',
  'namespace' => 'Drupal\\Core\\Database\\Driver\\mysql',
  'driver' => 'mysql',
);

#Connect to the correct data base:

//To get the default database key "default"
$con = \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::getConnection();

//To get another database (here : 'second')
$con = \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::getConnection('default','second');

//To set the active connection
$conn = \Drupal\Core\Database\Database::setActiveConnection('second');

What is Patch and How to create a patch in Drupal

A patch is a software update comprised code inserted (or patched) into the code of an executable program. Typically, a patch is installed into an existing software program. Patches are often temporary fixes between full releases of a software package.

Patch is a file that consists of a list of differences and is usually created with the help of the git diff command. In the Drupal community, developers make use of this patch file as a contribution to fix an issue or enhance a feature in a module, theme, or even for Drupal core.

Below are the step for creating a patch

1 - Create and set up a repository on GitHub specifically for creating patch files. It is best to maintain a single git repository for the patch files that you will be applying to your drupal project.

2 - Move the module/theme or core files that you need to generate patches to the newly created git repository

3 - Make the necessary changes to a file on your local

4 - Verify that the “git status” command shows the file that you have modified.

5 - To generate the patch, use the following command:

      

        git diff --no-prefix [file-name] > ./file-name.patch

 

drupal 8 how i create a custom form to programmatically created block and assign to it in variable in preprocess

Preprocess page assign a custom block to variables code

$customblock = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.block')-  >createInstance('custom_block_id', []);

 $variables['home_meal_plan'] = $customblock->build(); 

*******************************************************************************

1 - Creating custom form

goto - custom_module\src\Form and create a customform.php

<?php

namespace Drupal\meal_plan\Form;

use Drupal\Core\Form\FormBase;

use Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface;

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RedirectResponse;

use Drupal\cms_pages\Controller\CommonFunc;

/**

 * Provides meal plan form.

 *

 * @internal

 */

class HomeMealForm extends FormBase {

  /**

   * {@inheritdoc}

   */

  public function getFormId() {

    return 'home_meal_form';

  }

  /**

   * {@inheritdoc}

   */

  public function buildForm(array $form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {

    global $base_url;

    $hindi = CommonFunc::isHindi();

    if (\Drupal::currentUser()->isAnonymous()) {

      $footer_content = CommonFunc::getCmsContent('field_meal_plan_footer_content');

      $meal_plan_heading = CommonFunc::getCmsContent('field_meal_plan_heading');

        $form['age'] = [

          '#type' => 'textfield',

  '#attributes' => array('class' => array('inptFld'), 'id' => array('home-meal-age') ,'autocomplete' => array('off')),

          '#default_value' => '',

          '#placeholder' => 'Eg. 7',

          '#required' =>TRUE

        ];

      $query = \Drupal::entityQuery('taxonomy_term');

      $query->condition('vid', 'food_type');

      $query->sort('name');

      $tids = $query->execute();

      $options = [];

      $options = [

    'Vegan' => t('Vegan'),

        'Veg' => t('Veg'),

'Eggetarian' => t('Eggetarian'),

'Pescatarian' => t('Pescatarian'),

        'Nonveg' => t('Non-Veg'),

      ];

  $options1 = [

    '2-12' => t('2-12'),

        '13-17' => t('13-17'),

'18-25' => t('18-25'),

'25-50' => t('25-50'),

      ];

      $form['food_type'] = [

        '#type' => 'radios',

        '#options' => $options,

        '#default_value' => 'Vegan',

        '#required' => TRUE,

      ];

  

  $form['age_range'] = [

        '#type' => 'radios',

        '#options' => $options1,

        '#default_value' => '2-12',

        '#required' => TRUE,

      ];  

      $form['footer_content'] =[

        '#markup' => $footer_content,

      ];

      $form['submit'] = [

        '#type' => 'submit',

        '#value' => t("Apply"),

'#attributes' => array('class' => array('primary-button hvr-ripple-out')),

        '#validate' => ['::submitValidateMeal'],

      ];

      $form['#theme'] = 'HomeMealForm';

      $form['#meal_plan_heading'] = $meal_plan_heading;

      $form['#attached']['library'][] = 'meal_plan/meal_style';

      return $form;

    }

  }

  /**

   * {@inheritdoc}

   */

  public function submitValidateMeal(array &$form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {

    if ($form_state->getValue('age') == '') {

        $form_state->setErrorByName('age', 'Please select date of birth');

    } 

    elseif ($form_state->getValue('age') < 1) {

      $form_state->setErrorByName('age', 'Minimum required age is 1 year.');

    } 

    elseif ($form_state->getValue('age') > 12) {

      $form_state->setErrorByName('age', 'The recommendations are for healthy children between 1 year to 12 years of age. Please enter appropriate age.');

    }

  }

  /**

   * {@inheritdoc}

   */

  public function submitForm(array &$form, FormStateInterface $form_state) {

    global $base_url;

    $age = $form_state->getValue('age');

    $food_type = $form_state->getValue('food_type');

   $age_range = $form_state->getValue('age_range');

    $meal_data = ['age' => $age, 'food_preference' => $food_type];

    $session = \Drupal::request()->getSession();

    $session->set('meal_data', $meal_data);

    $form_state->setRedirect('meal_plan.unreg_routine');

  }

}

2- creating a custom block

Goto - custom_module\src\Plugin\Block

create a php file customblock.php

<?php

namespace Drupal\meal_plan\Plugin\Block;

use Drupal\Core\Block\BlockBase;

/**

 * @Block(

 *   id = "home_custom_meal_form_block",

 *   admin_label = @Translation("Custom Meal Plan Block"),

 *   category = @Translation("Custom Meal Plan Block")

 * )

 */

 

class customblock extends BlockBase {

  /**

   * {@inheritdoc}

   */

  public function build() {

    $form = \Drupal::formBuilder()->getForm('Drupal\meal_plan\Form\HomeMealForm');

    return $form;

  }

}

3- assign custom create Block to a variable in preprocess : in theme.theme file

/**

 * Implements hook_preprocess().

 */

function theme_new_preprocess(array &$variables, $hook) {

$variables['base_path'] = base_path();

$variables['is_front'] = \Drupal::service('path.matcher')->isFrontPage();

$current_path = \Drupal::service('path.current')->getPath();

$variables['current_path'] = $current_path;

$alised_path = \Drupal::service('path_alias.manager')->getAliasByPath($current_path);

$alised_path = ltrim($alised_path, '/');

$variables['alised_path'] = $alised_path;

$current_url = explode("/", $alised_path);

if($variables['is_front']) {

$customblock = \Drupal::service('plugin.manager.block')->createInstance('home_custom_meal_form_block', []);

        $variables['home_meal_plan'] = $customblock->build();

}

}

Drupal 8 and Drupal 9 set cookie and get cookie example with symphony HttpFoundation Component

Setting Cookies

The response cookies can be implemented through the headers public attribute:

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Cookie;

$response->headers->setCookie(Cookie::create('foo', 'bar'));

The setCookie() method takes an instance of Cookie as an argument.

You can clear a cookie via the clearCookie() method.

In addition to the Cookie::create() method, you can create a Cookie object from a raw header value using fromString() method. You can also use the with*() methods to change some Cookie property (or to build the entire Cookie using a fluent interface). Each with*() method returns a new object with the modified property:

$cookie = Cookie::create('foo')
    ->withValue('bar')
    ->withExpires(strtotime('Fri, 20-May-2011 15:25:52 GMT'))
    ->withDomain('.example.com')
    ->withSecure(true);

n addition to the Cookie::create() method, you can create a Cookie object from a raw header value using fromString() method. You can also use the with*() methods to change

Drupal 8 cookies can be set using ResponseHeaderBag from the Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response object.

Set new cookie value 

 use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Cookie; 

 $cookie = new use Cookie('cookie_name', TRUE); 

$response->headers->setCookie($cookie); 

return $response; 

Get cookies value 

 $request->cookies->get('cookie_name');

Pathauto Module functionalities and usage

The Pathauto module automatically generates URL/path aliases for various kinds of content (nodes, taxonomy terms, users) without requiring the user to manually specify the path alias. This allows you to have URL aliases like /category/my-node-title instead of /node/123. The aliases are based upon a "pattern" system that uses tokens which the administrator can change.